Skip to content

Advertisement

BMC Medical Genetics

  • Research article
  • Open Access
  • Open Peer Review

This article has Open Peer Review reports available.

How does Open Peer Review work?

Lack of association of genetic variation in chromosome region 15q14-22.1 with type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population

  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 2,
  • 2,
  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 1,
  • 3,
  • 3,
  • 4,
  • 5,
  • 6,
  • 1 and
  • 1Email author
BMC Medical Genetics20089:22

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-9-22

©  Yamaguchi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008

Received: 31 July 2007

Accepted: 27 March 2008

Published: 27 March 2008

Open Peer Review reports

Abstract

Background

Chromosome 15q14-22.1 has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its related traits in Japanese and other populations. The presence of T2D disease susceptibility variant(s) was assessed in the 21.8 Mb region between D15S118 and D15S117 in a Japanese population using a region-wide case-control association test.

Methods

A two-stage association test was performed using Japanese subjects: The discovery panel (Stage 1) used 372 cases and 360 controls, while an independent replication panel (Stage 2) used 532 cases and 530 controls. A total of 1,317 evenly-spaced, common SNP markers with minor allele frequencies > 0.10 were typed for each stage. Captured genetic variation was examined in HapMap JPT SNPs, and a haplotype-based association test was performed.

Results

SNP2140 (rs2412747) (C/T) in intron 33 of the ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1 (UBR1) gene was selected as a landmark SNP based on repeated significant associations in Stage 1 and Stage 2. However, the marginal p value (p = 0.0043 in the allelic test, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.07–1.48 for combined samples) was weak in a single locus or haplotype-based association test. We failed to find any significant SNPs after correcting for multiple testing.

Conclusion

The two-stage association test did not reveal a strong association between T2D and any common variants on chromosome 15q14-22.1 in 1,794 Japanese subjects. A further association test with a larger sample size and denser SNP markers is required to confirm these observations.

Keywords

  • Association Test
  • Japanese Subject
  • Linkage Disequilibrium Block
  • Allelic Test
  • Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

Background

Insulin resistance in muscle, adipose, and liver tissues and impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]. Analyses using a traditional candidate gene approach and, more recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [2–7], have generated a large amount of data that have confirmed 11 genes with replicated association with T2D in Caucasians [8]. However, the assessment in Japanese T2D patients, who characteristically have a lower body mass index (BMI) and a lower fasting insulin level than Caucasians [9], has not been largely performed. These differences suggest that Japanese individuals with T2D might have a different genetic background from other populations, and susceptibility variant(s) or gene(s) for the development of T2D in Japanese can only be identified with genetic assessment. Because candidate regions supported by replicated linkage signals in Japanese and other populations are expected to map T2D susceptibility gene(s), a region-wide association test was used as an alternative affective approach with the availability of unbiased reliability, timeliness and cost efficiency.

Among a number of proposed candidate regions for T2D and its related traits [10], the chromosome 15q14-22.1 candidate region is supported by replicated linkage signals of non-overlapping samples from Japanese subjects. In three studies of genome-wide linkage scan of Japanese subjects [11–13], chromosome 15q14-22.1 showed significant evidence of linkage with T2D (LOD = 2.41) [12] and a maximum LOD score (MLS) of 3.91 for early onset T2D [11] (Table 1). This region overlaps candidate region found in other populations, including Mexican Americans [14] and Pima Indians [15], findings that were replicated in a subsequent study of Mexican Americans [16] (Table 1). This candidate region supported by replicated linkage signals is expected to contain susceptibility gene(s). In the absence of convincing comprehensive association data on chromosome 15q, the challenge remains to identify the disease susceptibility variant(s) or gene(s) that definitively contribute to T2D. We focused on chromosome 15q14-22.1 at 32.6–51.2 cM as the susceptibility region in Japanese.
Table 1

Summary of linkage scan on chromosome 15q14-22.1

Population

Sample

Score

Phenotype

STS marker

Position (cM)

References (year)

Japanese

224 ASP in 159 families, 359 individuals

1.57 MLS

T2D

D15S994

40.25

Mori Y et al. 2002 [11]

  

3.91 MLS

T2D (Young-onset < 45)

D15S994

40.25

 
  

2.44 MLS

T2D (BMI < 30)

D15S994

40.25

 
  

1.50 MLS

T2D

D15S118

32.58

 
  

0.95 MLS

T2D

D15S117

51.21

 

Japanese

256 ASP in 164 families, 368 individuals

2.41 LOD

T2D (BMI < 22)

CYP19

45.62

Iwasaki N et al. 2003 [12]

Japanese

102 ASP in 102 families

0.25 LOD

T2D

D15S117

51.21

Nawata H et al. 2004 [13]

Mexican Americans

330 ASP in 170 families, 408 individuals

1.50 MLS

T2D

D15S119

45.62

Hanis CL et al. 1996 [14]

Pima Indians

388 ASP in 109 families, 363 individuals

1.46 LOD

insulin secretion (IVGTT 10)

D15S659

43.47

Pratley RE et al. 1998 [15]

Mexican Americans

330 ASP in 170 families and 363 nondiabetic individuals

1.27 LOD

T2D

D15S119

45.62

Cox NJ et al. 1999 [16]

 

interaction with D15S119 and CYP19

4.00 LOD

T2D

D15S119+ CYP19

  

ASP, affected sib-pairs; MLS, maximum lod score; LOD, logarithm of odds; IVGTT 10, plasma insulin response at 10 min above the basal level during the intravenous glucose tolerance test; D15S119 + CYP19, D15S119 interaction with CYP19 (NIDDM1). Each report identified nominal evidence of linkage or significant evidence of linkage with LOD > 3.91. Location is shown only for loci with positive evidence of linkage on chromosome 15q. The position is based on the Marshfield recombination genetic map .

http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics/Home/index.asp

In this study, a region-wide two-stage association test was used to perform a comprehensive examination of genetic variant(s), using 1,317 common SNPs, in a Japanese population comprised of 1,794 unrelated cases and controls.

Methods

Subjects

This study utilized samples obtained from a total of 1,794 Japanese subjects: 904 T2D cases and 890 controls. The majority of T2D patients was recruited from the outpatient clinic of Tokushima University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University Hospital and their affiliated hospitals. All T2D diagnoses were based on the 1985 World Health Organization criteria, and patients were clinically defined as having gradual adult onset of the disease with medication. Patients with clinical criteria for monogenic forms of diabetes were excluded. The clinical characteristics of these samples are presented in Table 2. The controls were recruited from healthy adult members of the general population, who were intensively checked for a negative family history of diabetes, normal HbA1c levels of < 5.8%, the absence of other diseases, and Japanese ancestry based on their birthplace information. The controls were primarily recruited from the Pharma SNP Consortium (nation-wide collection of Japanese control subjects) [17] and obtained through the Health Science Research Resources Bank of the Japanese Collection of Research/Japan Health Science Foundation. The subjects were placed in one of two independent panels: the discovery panel (Stage 1; 372 cases and 360 controls) and the replication panel (Stage 2; 532 cases and 530 controls).
Table 2

Characteristics of the 1,794 Japanese subjects used in the association tests

Stage 1 samples (discovery panel)

Cases (n = 372)

Controls (n = 360)

Gender (M/F)

188/184

148/212

Age

64.4 ± 10.3

46.3 ± 19.9

HbA1C (%)

7.39 ± 1.48

4.79 ± 0.36

BMI (kg/m2)

23.7 ± 3.5

22.0 ± 2.9

Age at onset < 50 (%)

175 (47.0)

-

≥50(%)

195 (52.5)

-

unknown (%)

2 (0.5)

-

Family history (%)

125 (33.6)

-

   Diabetes in both parents

11

 

   Diabetes in one parent

110

 

   Diabetes in son or daughter

4

 

Insulin therapy (+) (%)

112 (30.1)

-

Stage 2 samples (replication panel)

Cases (n = 532)

Controls (n = 530)

Gender (M/F)

246/286

284/246

Age

62.0 ± 10.7

37.8 ± 11.3

HbA1C (%)

7.47 ± 1.43

4.88 ± 0.33

BMI (kg/m2)

23.6 ± 3.3

22.4 ± 3.0

Age at onset < 50 (%)

244 (45.9)

-

≥50(%)

287 (53.9)

-

unknown (%)

1 (0.2)

-

Family history (%)

207 (38.9)

-

   Diabetes in both parents

22

 

   Diabetes in one parent

180

 

   Diabetes in son or daughter

5

 

Insulin therapy (+) (%)

172 (32.3)

-

Stage 1 + Stage 2 combined samples

Cases (n = 904)

Controls (n = 890)

Gender (M/F)

434/470

432/458

Age

63.0 ± 10.6

41.2 ± 15.9

HbA1C (%)

7.43 ± 1.45

4.84 ± 0.34

BMI (kg/m2)

23.6 ± 3.4

22.3 ± 3.0

Age at onset < 50 (%)

419 (46.4)

-

≥50(%)

482 (53.3)

-

unknown (%)

3 (0.3)

-

Family history (%)

332 (36.7)

-

   Diabetes in both parents

33

 

   Diabetes in one parent

290

 

   Diabetes in son or daughter

9

 

Insulin therapy (+) (%)

284 (31.4)

-

Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes or EB-virus-immortalized B lymphoblasts using a standard protocol. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee for Human Genome and Gene Research at the University of Tokushima in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to blood sampling, and all personal information and samples were anonymously analyzed for genotyping.

Association testing of SNP markers and genotyping

At the onset of this study, there was no sufficient SNPs database, such as HapMap. Thus, we constructed a database of common Japanese SNPs based on the genotyping results of 45 unrelated Japanese control subjects (23 males and 22 females) in a whole genome in collaboration with Applied Biosystems (ABI) [18]. Out of 70,099 common (MAF > 0.15) gene-centric and intergenic SNPs made available by this project, we provisionally selected 1,450 evenly-spaced SNPs on chromosome 15q between two sequence-tagged site (STS) markers of D15S118 and D15S117.

The initial selection was based on the following criteria: 1) optimal suitability for the design of TaqMan high-throughput genotyping assays; 2) dense and evenly-spaced SNP coverage in both coding and intergenic regions; 3) definition of the gene location in a region between 10 kb upstream of the transcription start site and 10 kb downstream of the final exon; 4) a distance < 10 kb between adjacent SNPs; and 5) common SNPs with a MAF > 0.10. The criterion of a MAF > 0.10 was imposed subsequent to the selection of SNPs with a MAF > 0.15.

SNPs were assayed using TaqMan Universal PCR MasterMix (no UNG; ABI) as previously described [19–21]. The genotyping results were obtained in an auto-call mode, after which two researchers independently assessed the genotyping data. When the ratio of undetermined results to the total samples was greater than 2% (8/384 including four negative controls) or negative controls without DNA template were incorrectly detected, the genotyping was repeated. Genotyping results were compared to those obtained by direct sequencing as previously described [20] with perfect agreement between the two methods.

Two-stage design of the association test

We performed a two-stage association test on 1,794 samples by randomly assigning them to two independent panels. In the first test, all of the SNPs were genotyped in Stage 1. Those exhibiting significant allelic or genotypic association (p < 0.05) were further examined in Stage 2. In each stage, the association was evaluated with two types of χ2 test (allelic or genotypic) by 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 contingency tables for the status of cases or controls. Finally, the association was evaluated using the combined samples from both Stages.

The power of this case-control test was calculated based on MAF, a type 1 error rate (false-positive rate), and sample size with the PS program [22, 23]. The standard Bonferroni's correction was used to evaluate the false-positive rate [24]. In addition, we used the false discovery rate (FDR) approach [25] as implemented with the FDR control program in the R language [26]. A logistic regression analysis to adjust for age, gender, and BMI was carried out using the SPSS program (ver.12, SPSS Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan).

Searching for novel SNPs and mutational screening of the UBR1gene

The 47 coding exons, relevant intron-exon boundaries, and 5' and 3' UTR of UBR1 gene were screened for putative novel Japanese variants by direct sequencing the genomic DNA of 48 individuals (24 cases and 24 controls). All PCR products were treated with ExoSAP-IT (GE Healthcare, NJ, USA) and sequenced using BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit, ver1.1 (ABI) in both directions on a 3730xl automated sequencer (ABI) according to the manufacturer's standard protocol.

Estimation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis for haplotype inference

Pairwise LD coefficients of |D'| and r2 were assessed in Stage 1 samples with SNPAlyze ver 5.1 Pro software (DYNACOM, Japan) [27]. This analysis was performed under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Haplotype frequencies for multiple loci were estimated by the maximum-likelihood method with an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Permutation p values were calculated by comparing haplotype frequencies between cases and controls on the basis of 10,000 replications. Haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNPs) were determined with SNPAlyze ver 5.1 Pro.

The amount of captured genetic variation based on HapMap JPT SNPs

HapMap JPT SNPs corresponding to 21.8 Mb were investigated [28]. Information on 29,728 SNPs within the target region was downloaded from the HapMap website (release 22) [29]. The density of the 1,317 SNPs (the finally selected SNPs from the 1,450 pre-HapMap SNPs) per 300-kb bin was compared against those in the HapMap JPT SNPs. In addition, we estimated the captured tag SNPs as proxies at r2 > 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 using Tagger program [30].

Results

Information of selected SNPs

One STS marker (D15S118) was located 3.9 Mb proximal to D15S994, which exhibited the highest evidence for linkage in the Japanese subjects with a LOD = 3.91. The second STS marker (D15S117) located 9.0 Mb distal to D15S119, was linked to T2D susceptibility in Mexican Americans with a LOD = 4.0 (Table 1). Therefore, a 21.8 Mb interval between D15S118 (32.6 cM, mp; 34.5 Mb) and D15S117 (51.2 cM, mp; 56.3 Mb) was chosen as the target region.

Out of 1,450 SNPs, quality control resulted in the exclusion of 39 SNPs that exhibited ambiguous genotyping qualities. After genotyping the remaining 1,411 SNPs, another 94 with a HWE p < 0.05 or a low MAF of < 0.10, an indication of insufficient power to detect statistical significance, were excluded. In the final selection of 1,317 SNPs, 974 were mapped within 152 genes (65.8% of the 231 genes based on the NCBI Build 36.1 [31] human genome assembly), and 343 were located in intergenic regions. The average MAF of the 1,317 SNPs was 0.32 ± 0.11 in Stage 1 samples, and the average spacing of the gene-centric SNPs was 9,169 bp per pair of SNPs across the 21.8 Mb.

Captured genetic variation relative to HapMap JPT SNPs in the target region

Coverage of the 1,317 SNPs was more limited than that with 29,728 SNPs of HapMap JPT in the 21.8 Mb region: 1,022 SNPs (78%) of the 1,317 SNPs were present, while only 295 SNPs (22%) were not present in the 29,728 HapMap JPT (Figure 1), although they were registered in the public database [32] without information on allele frequency in the Japanese population. Figure 1 shows only one gap in 43.6–43.9 Mb in this study, and the presence of a rare density of SNPs (< 10) was observed, particularly in the intergenic region and between 42.1–44.8 Mb.
Figure 1
Figure 1

SNP marker distribution in the target region. Distribution of 1,317 SNPs selected for this study (1), 1,022 identical (2), and 295 non-identical (3) SNPs in the HapMap JPT database, and distribution of 29,728 SNPs in HapMap JPT (10) in every 300-kb bin against the physical distance in the target region. Number of tag SNPs (r2 > 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) found for this study matched with the r2 > 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 SNPs in HapMap JPT (4, 5, and 6) and number of tag SNPs (r2 > 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) among the HapMap JPT SNPs (7, 8, and 9). The vertical bars in the top panel show the position of RefSeq genes in this region.

This approach is more efficient if tag SNPs based on the HapMap JPT r2 structure are used to find the susceptibility variant [28]. We estimated the captured tag SNPs as proxies, meaning that the SNP showed a strong correlation with one or more SNPs at r2 > 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9. The density of most tag SNPs was < 10 SNPs per 300-kb bin (Figure 1). Taken together, the coverage of common SNPs variation by our chosen SNP set was rather balanced in both gene-centric and intergenic regions, and the average number of common tag SNPs in this study was 30% of those in the HapMap JPT (r2 > 0.8).

Selection of a landmark SNP

In Stage 1 association test, 112 SNPs out of 1,317 (8.5%) showed significant associations (χ2 test, p < 0.05) in the allelic (Figure 2A) or genotypic test. In Stage 2, 11 SNPs out of 112 yielded significant associations (p < 0.05) in the allelic (Figure 2B) or genotypic test. However, only one SNP, namely SNP2140 (rs2412747), showed a replicated association for the allelic test (p < 0.05) in both stages (Figure 2C). These results suggest that our association test is underpowered. None of the other SNPs showed replicated association for genotypic frequency (Additional file 1).
Figure 2
Figure 2

Association tests on chromosome 15q14-22.1. Allelic p values in association tests are shown. The top window shows reports of linkage with T2D or its related traits on chromosome 15q14-22.1 in the Japanese and other ethnic populations. The solid and open circles denote LOD scores and location in recombination distance. The width of the straight lines or a broken line denote a 1-LOD drop interval when available. The vertical bars show the positions of RefSeq genes (upper) and the 1,317 chosen SNPs (lower) with black vertical bars placed in gene-centric regions and gray vertical bars in intergenic regions. Allelic p values in Stage 1 (372 cases and 360 controls) for 1,317 SNPs (A), in Stage 2 (532 cases and 530 controls) for 112 SNPs (B), and in Stage 1 + Stage 2 combined samples (904 cases and 890 controls) for one replicated SNP (C) were plotted against physical positions. The data denote the -log p, and p = 0.05 is shown with a thick line. The landmark SNP2140 (rs2412747) is indicated with an arrow.

When the raw data from Stage 1 and Stage 2 were combined, SNP2140 in intron 33 of the ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1 (UBR1) gene exhibited the nominal significant association with T2D in both the allelic (p = 0.0043, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.07–1.48) (Figure 2C) and genotypic (p = 0.0081) tests. However, a logistic regression analysis revealed that the association between SNP2140 and T2D was not statistically significant after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI. In addition, when the standard Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing was applied (corrected for 1,317 SNPs in the allelic and genotypic tests), the association with SNP2140 was no longer significant. Moreover, FDR for 112 SNPs in the Stage 2 association test was not significant at a threshold value of 0.1 [25].

The results of association for the top 20 Stage 1-associations using the Armitage trend test are shown in Table 3. Based on the combined p values, three SNPs (SNP3347: rs1386166, SNP3096: rs156787, and SNP2072: rs936216) showed a smaller p value than the landmark SNP2140 in the allelic test (Table 3). However, none of the three SNPs showed significant association in Stage 2, although sample size and power to detect susceptibility SNPs was larger than in Stage 1. We believe that the SNP with replicated significance in both Stage 1 and Stage 2 is regarded as the more likely SNP for T2D association. Unfortunately, none of 112 SNPs reached the statistical confidence level in our sample population.
Table 3

Top 20 SNPs and the landmark SNP2140 in Stage 1 allelic and genotypic association tests

      

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 1 + Stage 2

 

SNP Marker

rs#

Gene symbol

Position

Allele 1/2

Allele 1 frequency case

Allele 1 frequency control

p value of allele frequency

p value of genotype frequency

p value of Armitage trend testa)

Allele 1 frequency case

Allele 1 frequency control

p value of allele frequency

p value of genotype frequency

p value of Armitage trend testa)

Allele 1 frequency case

Allele 1 frequency control

p value of allele frequency

p value of genotype frequency

p value of Armitage trend testa)

1

SNP2248

-

ATP8B4

48175632

G/T

0.23

0.31

0.00053

0.0024

0.00052

0.29

0.28

0.59

0.61

0.59

0.27

0.30

0.075

0.19

0.075

2

SNP2372

rs4261468

RAB27A

53342894

A/G

0.49

0.41

0.00091

0.0034

0.00078

0.47

0.48

0.67

0.80

0.66

0.48

0.45

0.076

0.20

0.072

3

SNP3295

rs12443171

intergenic

48225107

C/T

0.34

0.43

0.00091

0.0030

0.00099

0.38

0.40

0.49

0.66

0.49

0.37

0.41

0.0079

0.018

0.0081

4

SNP3347

rs1386166

intergenic

51376772

A/G

0.35

0.44

0.0014

0.0013

0.0016

0.37

0.40

0.15

0.23

0.16

0.36

0.42

0.0017

0.0080

0.0021

5

SNP1439

rs9972478

RAB27A

53347024

A/C

0.30

0.23

0.0017

0.0068

0.0016

0.27

0.29

0.28

0.34

0.27

0.28

0.26

0.25

0.37

0.25

6

SNP3391

rs2414351

intergenic

52746565

C/G

0.24

0.18

0.0019

0.0066

0.0017

0.19

0.21

0.16

0.39

0.17

0.21

0.20

0.34

0.64

0.35

7

SNP2373

rs2305424

RAB27A

53368640

C/T

0.47

0.55

0.0037

0.011

0.0032

0.48

0.48

0.97

0.86

0.96

0.48

0.51

0.061

0.11

0.058

8

SNP1441

rs2414409

PIGB

53419009

C/T

0.47

0.55

0.0039

0.013

0.0034

0.48

0.48

0.93

0.91

0.93

0.48

0.51

0.077

0.16

0.074

9

SNP1280

rs2278167

SLC27A2

48285140

G/T

0.61

0.54

0.0050

0.014

0.0047

0.59

0.56

0.20

0.095

0.19

0.60

0.55

0.0054

0.013

0.0047

10

SNP2039

rs2412424

FSIP1

37765425

C/T

0.65

0.59

0.0075

0.022

0.0061

0.62

0.62

0.91

0.62

0.91

0.64

0.61

0.072

0.16

0.067

11

SNP2098

rs4924524

CHAC1

39042673

C/T

0.76

0.70

0.0060

0.022

0.0064

0.73

0.76

0.21

0.082

0.21

0.75

0.73

0.42

0.15

0.42

12

SNP1440

rs7183960

PIGB

53409987

C/T

0.47

0.54

0.0074

0.022

0.0067

0.48

0.48

0.80

0.93

0.79

0.48

0.50

0.13

0.26

0.13

13

SNP2249

rs11638841

ATP8B4

48203899

C/G

0.73

0.66

0.0062

0.026

0.0069

0.67

0.68

0.72

0.89

0.72

0.70

0.67

0.15

0.33

0.15

14

SNP3176

rs996215

intergenic

44577114

A/G

0.23

0.30

0.0067

0.027

0.0073

0.28

0.27

0.51

0.74

0.50

0.26

0.28

0.22

0.46

0.22

15

SNP2097

rs4924523

CHAC1

39042662

A/T

0.24

0.30

0.0072

0.025

0.0076

0.27

0.24

0.22

0.085

0.22

0.26

0.27

0.43

0.15

0.43

16

SNP2072

rs936216

PAK6

38344560

A/C

0.75

0.81

0.0092

0.0075

0.0084

0.75

0.78

0.093

0.14

0.10

0.75

0.79

0.0032

0.015

0.0038

17

SNP1438

rs12910930

RAB27A

53332998

C/G

0.33

0.27

0.0095

0.016

0.0084

0.28

0.31

0.20

0.25

0.20

0.30

0.29

0.49

0.24

0.49

18

SNP2041

rs2254829

FSIP1

37779957

C/T

0.66

0.59

0.0099

0.030

0.0085

0.63

0.62

0.84

0.67

0.84

0.64

0.61

0.071

0.17

0.068

19

SNP1444

rs3743203

CCPG1

53436254

C/T

0.47

0.53

0.010

0.037

0.010

0.47

0.47

0.98

0.83

0.98

0.47

0.49

0.11

0.22

0.10

20

SNP3096

rs156787

FLJ39531

37335619

A/G

0.18

0.23

0.0092

0.038

0.011

0.18

0.21

0.065

0.065

0.062

0.18

0.22

0.0020

0.0041

0.0022

*

SNP2140

rs2412747

UBR1

41074095

C/T

0.81

0.77

0.049

0.11

0.049

0.79

0.75

0.039

0.072

0.039

0.80

0.76

0.0043

0.0081

0.0045

Significant results (p < 0.05) and (*) SNP2140 (rs2412747) in the UBR1 are shown in bold type. a)Armitage trend test was performed by using the DeFinetti program http://ijg.gsf.de/cgi-bin/hw/hwal.pl. The positions of top 20 SNPs with their p values in the increasing order in Armitage trend test are almost the same as those in allelic test, except for SNP 2039, 1440, and 3096 of which p values were underlined.

We next searched for novel SNPs or mutation in the UBR1 gene. Two novel non-synonymous SNPs (M1359I in exon 37 and R1712H in exon 47) were identified by re-sequencing the UBR1 gene in 48 samples. The SNPs were not common (MAF = 0.02 and 0.01) and subsequent typing of all of the samples revealed no significance for these two variants in the allelic test (p = 0.17 and 0.96 for combined samples). To confirm our data, it will be necessary to test association using a larger number of independent samples.

Fine LD mapping and a haplotype-based association test

Haplotype-based association tests assessed as a multi-locus test can be more sensitive for the detection of association than assessment by a single-locus association test. To perform this test, we examined LD structure with the pairwise |D'| values of the region, including the UBR1 gene. We searched for additional common variants around putative LD block boundaries with available database. Using the definition of |D'| > 0.95, we identified a large LD block consisting of 38 SNPs including seven additional SNPs spanning 355 kb across the UBR1 gene. None of the seven SNPs showed a significant association in Stage 1, Stage 2, or in the combined samples.

For fine mapping of the 355 kb LD block, we selected seven haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNPs) from 38 SNPs that captured > 95% of haplotype frequencies comprising the respective block in all samples, and estimated a haplotype-based association test. A protective haplotype and at-risk haplotype showed a nominal permutation p value (0.005 and 0.03 for combined samples) with T2D (Additional file 2). However, after Bonferroni's correction (corrected for 1,317 SNPs multiplied by two + eight haplotypes), p values were not significant for either haplotype.

Discussion

We applied a region-wide association test as an alternative to GWAS. This approach has been effective in the identification of candidate susceptibility genes in the target regions for T2D [19, 20] and rheumatoid arthritis [33, 34] in the Japanese population. We hypothesized that there was a high probability of detecting disease susceptibility genes with the use of evenly-spaced common SNP markers in the target region defined by replicated linkage evidence. We could not find any strong variant with single-locus association test or haplotype analysis in 1,794 Japanese subjects, although one SNP, SNP2140 (rs2412747), in intron 33 of the UBR1 gene showed nominal significance (p = 0.0043 for combined samples).

UBR1 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the N-end rule pathway, a conserved proteolytic pathway of the ubiquitin system whose substrates include proteins with destabilizing N-terminal residues. Recent data suggest that in Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (OMIM 243800), the pancreas exhibits pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and does not express UBR1 [35]. Ubr1 knockout mice exhibit decreased body weight or adipose tissue and an exocrine pancreatic insufficiency [35, 36]. In addition, UBR1 mRNA is elevated in the atrophic muscles of diabetic rats [37]. At present, however, the pathophysiological mechanism by which the UBR1 influences T2D is unknown.

Genetic association tests aim to detect true positive associations between a trait and genetic polymorphisms while eliminating false positives. The results of this study have been evaluated within the framework of several criteria. Accordingly, the statistical power (with a MAF of 0.30) in Stage 1 or Stage 2 showed 22–60% or 29–76%, respectively, at detecting the OR of 1.2–1.4 at a significance level of 0.05 (Figure 3A, B). Although the power using the whole sample size was estimated as 45–93%, it was not sufficient to detect an association with T2D (Figure 3C). To achieve 60–80% power (with a MAF of 0.30 and OR of 1.2), 1,400–2,200 each for case and control samples (almost twice as many as those in each stage of this study) is needed. Recent GWAS analyzed more than one thousand cases and controls in Stage 1 and up to more than 10,000 samples in total [2–7], as recommended [38]. Replication studies with thousands of subjects are a priority to determine the consistency of our observations of the UBR1 gene, because it is predicted that true variant(s) have only a modest effect on T2D.
Figure 3
Figure 3

Power calculation. The power of this case-control association test to detect association against the risk allele frequency with a type 1 error rate of 0.05 in Stage 1 samples (A), in Stage 2 samples (B), and combined samples (C). 372 cases and 360 controls subjects were set in Stage 1, 532 cases and 530 controls subjects were set in Stage 2, and 904 and 890 controls subjects were set in Stage 1 + Stage 2 combined samples with variable power and a type 1 error rate of 0.05. A) – C) graphs were plotted with the PS program.

Our samples had the major weakness of an age difference between the case and control subjects (63.0 vs. 41.2). After logistic regression analysis, the association with SNP2140 did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for age and gender. Because aging is an important factor in diabetes development, it is necessary to confirm the result of our association test using age-matched control subjects. In selecting the target region for association assessment, the initial linkage studies might overestimate the relevance of chromosome 15q as a candidate region in the Japanese population. The linkage of chromosome 15q14-22.1 to T2D and its related traits have been replicated in the Japanese at a significant level (LOD = 3.91). However, this LOD score was observed in cases with young onset (< 45 years of age) T2D, which is not reflected in our cases (average age = 63.0).

Though SNPs markers were placed, on average, every 9,169 bp, which is comparable in density to a genome-wide association test using a 500 kb SNP set (~6 kb), it might be necessary to use denser SNPs with shorter intervals. Even though tag SNPs were not available at the onset of this study, tag SNPs with LD information and a high-density SNP map from the HapMap data would afford useful resources.

Based on these results, we propose that the discovery of a landmark SNP, SNP2140, in the UBR1 gene was statistically marginal and did not reach the confidence level of this study. Other SNPs did not exhibit a strong effect on the risk of T2D within the target region, despite suggestive replicated evidence for linkage in the Japanese population. In addition, a replication study is of prime importance for confirmation of these results.

Conclusion

The two-stage association test on chromosome 15q14-22.1 failed to detect an association between T2D and SNPs in the target region. These observations could uncover new insights on the susceptibility variant(s) on chromosome 15q that might be used as a guide for further association tests, including replication and/or meta-analysis. Replication studies in other independent populations are a priority if the consistency of our observations is to be determined.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from the Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization (CLUSTER) and Immediate Type Regional Technology Consortium Enterprise from Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Division of Genetic Information, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
(2)
Department of Bioinformatics, Division of Life Science Systems, Fujitsu Limited, Minato-ku, Japan
(3)
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kamigyo-ku, Japan
(4)
New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Japan
(5)
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neuroscience, Institute of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima, Japan
(6)
Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Japan

References

  1. Saltiel AR: New perspectives into the molecular pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Cell. 2001, 104 (4): 517-529. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00239-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Sladek R, Rocheleau G, Rung J, Dina C, Shen L, Serre D, Boutin P, Vincent D, Belisle A, Hadjadj S, Balkau B, Heude B, Charpentier G, Hudson TJ, Montpetit A, Pshezhetsky AV, Prentki M, Posner BI, Balding DJ, Meyre D, Polychronakos C, Froguel P: A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2007, 445 (7130): 881-885. 10.1038/nature05616.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Jonsdottir T, Walters GB, Styrkarsdottir U, Gretarsdottir S, Emilsson V, Ghosh S, Baker A, Snorradottir S, Bjarnason H, Ng MC, Hansen T, Bagger Y, Wilensky RL, Reilly MP, Adeyemo A, Chen Y, Zhou J, Gudnason V, Chen G, Huang H, Lashley K, Doumatey A, So WY, Ma RC, Andersen G, Borch-Johnsen K, et al: A variant in CDKAL1 influences insulin response and risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2007, 39 (6): 770-775. 10.1038/ng2043.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Saxena R, Voight BF, Lyssenko V, Burtt NP, de Bakker PI, Chen H, Roix JJ, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ, Hughes TE, Groop L, Altshuler D, Almgren P, Florez JC, Meyer J, Ardlie K, Bengtsson BK, Isomaa B, Lettre G, Lindblad U, Lyon HN, Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Nilsson P, Orho-Melander M, Råstam L, Speliotes EK, Taskinen MR, Tuomi T, et al: Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science. 2007, 316 (5829): 1331-1336. 10.1126/science.1142358.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Zeggini E, Weedon MN, Lindgren CM, Frayling TM, Elliott KS, Lango H, Timpson NJ, Perry JR, Rayner NW, Freathy RM, Barrett JC, Shields B, Morris AP, Ellard S, Groves CJ, Harries LW, Marchini JL, Owen KR, Knight B, Cardon LR, Walker M, Hitman GA, Morris AD, Doney AS, Burton PR, Clayton DG, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, Kwiatkowski DP, et al: Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Science. 2007, 316 (5829): 1336-1341. 10.1126/science.1142364.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  6. Scott LJ, Mohlke KL, Bonnycastle LL, Willer CJ, Li Y, Duren WL, Erdos MR, Stringham HM, Chines PS, Jackson AU, Prokunina-Olsson L, Ding CJ, Swift AJ, Narisu N, Hu T, Pruim R, Xiao R, Li XY, Conneely KN, Riebow NL, Sprau AG, Tong M, White PP, Hetrick KN, Barnhart MW, Bark CW, Goldstein JL, Watkins L, Xiang F, Saramies J, et al: A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science. 2007, 316 (5829): 1341-1345. 10.1126/science.1142382.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  7. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium: Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447 (7145): 661-678. 10.1038/nature05911.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Frayling TM: Genome-wide association studies provide new insights into type 2 diabetes aetiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2007, 8 (9): 657-662. 10.1038/nrg2178.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ehm MG, Karnoub MC, Sakul H, Gottschalk K, Holt DC, Weber JL, Vaske D, Briley D, Briley L, Kopf J, McMillen P, Nguyen Q, Reisman M, Lai EH, Joslyn G, Shepherd NS, Bell C, Wagner MJ, Burns DK: Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in four American populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2000, 66 (6): 1871-1881. 10.1086/302950.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  10. Elbers CC, Onland-Moret NC, Franke L, Niehoff AG, van der Schouw YT, Wijmenga C: A strategy to search for common obesity and type 2 diabetes genes. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 18 (1): 19-26. 10.1016/j.tem.2006.11.003.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Mori Y, Otabe S, Dina C, Yasuda K, Populaire C, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Durand E, Hara K, Okada T, Tobe K, Boutin P, Kadowaki T, Froguel P: Genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes in Japanese affected sib-pairs confirms susceptibility genes on 3q, 15q, and 20q and identifies two new candidate Loci on 7p and 11p. Diabetes. 2002, 51 (4): 1247-1255. 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1247.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Iwasaki N, Cox NJ, Wang YQ, Schwarz PE, Bell GI, Honda M, Imura M, Ogata M, Saito M, Kamatani N, Iwamoto Y: Mapping genes influencing type 2 diabetes risk and BMI in Japanese subjects. Diabetes. 2003, 52 (1): 209-213. 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.209.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Nawata H, Shirasawa S, Nakashima N, Araki E, Hashiguchi J, Miyake S, Yamauchi T, Hamaguchi K, Yoshimatsu H, Takeda H, Fukushima H, Sasahara T, Yamaguchi K, Sonoda N, Sonoda T, Matsumoto M, Tanaka Y, Sugimoto H, Tsubouchi H, Inoguchi T, Yanase T, Wake N, Narazaki K, Eto T, Umeda F, Nakazaki M, Ono J, Asano T, Ito Y, Akazawa S, et al: Genome-wide linkage analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus reconfirms the susceptibility locus on 11p13-p12 in Japanese. J Hum Genet. 2004, 49 (11): 629-634. 10.1007/s10038-004-0199-3.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Hanis CL, Boerwinkle E, Chakraborty R, Ellsworth DL, Concannon P, Stirling B, Morrison VA, Wapelhorst B, Spielman RS, Gogolin-Ewens KJ, Shepard JM, Williams SR, Risch N, Hinds D, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Omori Y, Petzold C, Rietzch H, Schröder HE, Schulze J, Cox NJ, Menzel S, Boriraj VV, Chen X, Lim LR, Lindner T, Mereu LE, Wang YQ, Xiang K, et al: A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat Genet. 1996, 13 (2): 161-166. 10.1038/ng0696-161.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Pratley RE, Thompson DB, Prochazka M, Baier L, Mott D, Ravussin E, Sakul H, Ehm MG, Burns DK, Foroud T, Garvey WT, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C: An autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to prediabetic phenotypes in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest. 1998, 101 (8): 1757-1764. 10.1172/JCI1850.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  16. Cox NJ, Frigge M, Nicolae DL, Concannon P, Hanis CL, Bell GI, Kong A: Loci on chromosomes 2 (NIDDM1) and 15 interact to increase susceptibility to diabetes in Mexican Americans. Nat Genet. 1999, 21 (2): 213-215. 10.1038/6002.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Pharma SNP consortium. [http://ssl.g-02.jp/psc/frame-e.html]
  18. De La Vega FM, Isaac H, Collins A, Scafe CR, Halldórsson BV, Su X, Lippert RA, Wang Y, Laig-Webster M, Koehler RT, Ziegle JS, Wogan LT, Stevens JF, Leinen KM, Olson SJ, Guegler KJ, You X, Xu LH, Hemken HG, Kalush F, Itakura M, Zheng Y, de Thé G, O'Brien SJ, Clark AG, Istrail S, Hunkapiller MW, Spier EG, Gilbert DA: The linkage disequilibrium maps of three human chromosomes across four populations reflect their demographic history and a common underlying recombination pattern. Genome Res. 2005, 15 (4): 454-462. 10.1101/gr.3241705.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  19. Kato H, Nomura K, Osabe D, Shinohara S, Mizumori O, Katashima R, Iwasaki S, Nishimura K, Yoshino M, Kobori M, Ichiishi E, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Tanahashi T, Keshavarz P, Kunika K, Moritani M, Kudo E, Tsugawa K, Takata Y, Hamada D, Yasui N, Miyamoto T, Shiota H, Inoue H, Itakura M: Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) gene with type 2 diabetes in the Japanese. Genomics. 2006, 87 (4): 446-458. 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.11.009.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Moritani M, Nomura K, Tanahashi T, Osabe D, Fujita Y, Shinohara S, Yamaguchi Y, Keshavarz P, Kudo E, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Ichiishi E, Takata Y, Yasui N, Shiota H, Kunika K, Inoue H, Itakura M: Genetic association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in endonuclease G-like 1 gene with type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population. Diabetologia. 2007, 50 (6): 1218-1227. 10.1007/s00125-007-0631-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Tanahashi T, Osabe D, Nomura K, Shinohara S, Kato H, Ichiishi E, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Takata Y, Miyamoto T, Shiota H, Keshavarz P, Yamaguchi Y, Kunika K, Moritani M, Inoue H, Itakura M: Association study on chromosome 20q11.21-13.13 locus and its contribution to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Japanese. Hum Genet. 2006, 120 (4): 527-542. 10.1007/s00439-006-0231-0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Iwane M, Palensky J, Plante K: A user's review of commercial sample size software for design of biomedical studies using survival data. Control Clin Trials. 1997, 18 (1): 65-83. 10.1016/S0197-2456(96)00139-0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. PS program. [http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize]
  24. McIntyre LM, Martin ER, Simonsen KL, Kaplan NL: Circumventing multiple testing: a multilocus Monte Carlo approach to testing for association. Genet Epidemiol. 2000, 19 (1): 18-29. 10.1002/1098-2272(200007)19:1<18::AID-GEPI2>3.0.CO;2-Y.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Storey JD: A direct approach to false discovery rates. J Roy Stat Soc Ser B. 2002, 64 (3): 479-498. 10.1111/1467-9868.00346.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  26. FDR program. [http://genomics.princeton.edu/storeylab/qvalue/]
  27. SNPAlyze program. [http://www.dynacom.co.jp/e/products/package/snpalyze/]
  28. International HapMap Consortium: A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature. 2005, 437 (7063): 1299-1320. 10.1038/nature04226.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  29. The International HapMap Project. [http://www.hapmap.org/index.html]
  30. Tagger program. [http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/tagger/]
  31. NCBI Build 36.1 human genome. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genomes/]
  32. dbSNP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/]
  33. Hamada D, Takata Y, Osabe D, Nomura K, Shinohara S, Egawa H, Nakano S, Shinomiya F, Scafe CR, Reeve VM, Miyamoto T, Moritani M, Kunika K, Inoue H, Yasui N, Itakura M: Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the SEC8L1 gene, which encodes a subunit of the exocyst complex, and rheumatoid arthritis in a Japanese population. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52 (5): 1371-1380. 10.1002/art.21013.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Takata Y, Hamada D, Miyatake K, Nakano S, Shinomiya F, Scafe CR, Reeve VM, Osabe D, Moritani M, Kunika K, Kamatani N, Inoue H, Yasui N, Itakura M: Genetic association between the PRKCH gene encoding protein kinase Ceta isozyme and rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56 (1): 30-42. 10.1002/art.22262.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Zenker M, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Tagariello A, Zerres K, Durie PR, Beier M, Hülskamp G, Guzman C, Rehder H, Beemer FA, Hamel B, Vanlieferinghen P, Gershoni-Baruch R, Vieira MW, Dumic M, Auslender R, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL, Steinlicht S, Rauh M, Shalev SA, Thiel C, Ekici AB, Winterpacht A, Kwon YT, Varshavsky A, Reis A: Deficiency of UBR1, a ubiquitin ligase of the N-end rule pathway, causes pancreatic dysfunction, malformations and mental retardation (Johanson-Blizzard syndrome). Nat Genet. 2005, 37 (12): 1345-1350. 10.1038/ng1681.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Kwon YT, Xia Z, Davydov IV, Lecker SH, Varshavsky A: Construction and analysis of mouse strains lacking the ubiquitin ligase UBR1 (E3alpha) of the N-end rule pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2001, 21 (23): 8007-8021. 10.1128/MCB.21.23.8007-8021.2001.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  37. Lecker SH, Solomon V, Price SR, Kwon YT, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL: Ubiquitin conjugation by the N-end rule pathway and mRNAs for its components increase in muscles of diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1999, 104 (10): 1411-1420. 10.1172/JCI7300.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  38. Cordell HJ, Clayton DG: Genetic association studies. Lancet. 2005, 366 (9491): 1121-1131. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67424-7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar

    39. Pre-publication history

    1. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/9/22/prepub

Copyright

© Yamaguchi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Advertisement

BMC Medical Genetics

ISSN: 1471-2350

Contact us