Research article
Open Access
Open Peer Review
This article has Open Peer Review reports available.
Cancer-testis gene expression is associated with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C>T polymorphism in non-small cell lung carcinoma
BMC Medical Genetics201314:97
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-14-97
© Senses et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 17 April 2013
Accepted: 20 September 2013
Published: 24 September 2013
Abstract
Background
Tumor-specific, coordinate expression of cancer-testis (CT) genes, mapping to the X chromosome, is observed in more than 60% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Although CT gene expression has been unequivocally related to DNA demethylation of promoter regions, the underlying mechanism leading to loss of promoter methylation remains elusive. Polymorphisms of enzymes within the 1-carbon pathway have been shown to affect S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) production, which is the sole methyl donor in the cell. Allelic variants of several enzymes within this pathway have been associated with altered SAM levels either directly, or indirectly as reflected by altered levels of SAH and Homocysteine levels, and altered levels of DNA methylation. We, therefore, asked whether the five most commonly occurring polymorphisms in four of the enzymes in the 1-carbon pathway associated with CT gene expression status in patients with NSCLC.
Methods
Fifty patients among a cohort of 763 with NSCLC were selected based on CT gene expression status and typed for five polymorphisms in four genes known to affect SAM generation by allele specific q-PCR and RFLP.
Results
We identified a significant association between CT gene expression and the MTHFR 677 CC genotype, as well as the C allele of the SNP, in this cohort of patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that the genotype and allele strongly associate with CT gene expression, independent of potential confounders.
Conclusions
Although CT gene expression is associated with DNA demethylation, in NSCLC, our data suggests this is unlikely to be the result of decreased MTHFR function.
Keywords
Cancer-testis genes 1-carbon pathway Adomet DNA methylationBackground
Cancer-testis (CT), or cancer-germline genes, currently with more than 100 members, are distinctly expressed in cancer, germline and trophoblast cells but not in other normal tissues in the adult. Most CT genes constitute multigene families organized in clusters along the X chromosome. Members within a family are highly homologous, however, no conservation of sequence exists between families [1]. Despite the lack of sequence similarity (including promoters), re-expression of almost all CT genes in tumors correlates with the demethylation of their promoters that occurs in parallel to a genome-wide demethylation event, primarily affecting repeat regions [2]. The mechanisms leading to CT gene promoter demethylation in cancer are unknown. Increased BORIS expression has been associated with upregulated CT gene expression [3, 4], but the protein is likely not the sole responsible factor in this event. Histone acetylation has also been shown to facilitate CT gene expression, primarily when it associates with DNA demethylation [5].
As most CT gene products are highly antigenic they have been utilized in clinical trials based on immunotherapeutic approaches targeting these antigens [6]. Since patient eligibility for CT targeting immunotherapy requires that the tumor express CT genes, it is important to know whether CT gene expression can be induced. It is expected that any approach leading to CT gene expression should also result in the demethylation of their promoters.
Production of the sole methyl donor in the cell, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), depends on the efficient utilization of folate, by the 1-carbon pathway. Several enzymes in this pathway contain common polymorphic variants that reduce the efficiency of the enzyme and thus, the rate of SAM production. Hypomorphic alleles of four of these enzymes (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), methionine synthase (MTR), and reduced folate carrier (RFC)), have been associated with cellular under-utilization of folate and homocysteine, increased DNA hypomethylation, and decreased CpG methylation [7–11]. More recently, the hypomorphic 677 T allele of MTHFR, has been associataed with the expression of MAGE-A1, a CT gene, in glioblastoma multiforme [12]. Others, however, could not reproduce these findings in ovarian carcinoma [13]. In the present study we asked if polymorphisms of the 1-carbon pathway enzymes associate with CT gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Our results show a strong association between the MTHFR677 CC genotype as well as the MTHFR 677 C allele and CT gene expression independent of age, sex, histology, and tumor stage.
Methods
Patients and tumor material
Tumor samples obtained from patients undergoing curative surgical resection for primary NSCLC at the Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, from 1991 to July 2005 were analyzed in this study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Fifty tumor samples were selected solely based on CT gene expression from 763 samples that had been evaluated for the presence of transcripts from up to 9 CT genes (NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, CT-7, SSX2, and SSX4), by semi-quantitative PCR, as described previously [14]. Twenty one samples with CT expression in at least 4 of the 9 CT genes tested, with strong expression in at least one gene, constituted the CT (+) group. Twenty-nine samples with no CT expression in any of the CT genes tested (with a minimum of 5 CT genes tested) were selected as CT (-) tumors for this study. CT gene expression was determined as strong (+++), intermediate (++), weak (+ or +/-), or none (-) as previously described [14], and is shown in Additional file 1: Table S1.
DNA analysis
Genomic DNA extracted from tumor tissues were genotyped using pre-designed 5’-nuclease TaqMan SNP genotyping assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using a Stratagene Mx3005P instrument according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The SNPs typed and their reference IDs were: MTHFR 677 C> T (rs1801133), MTHFR 1298 A>C (rs1801131), MTR 2756 A>G (rs1805087), and MTRR 66 A>G (rs1801394). Nested PCR-RFLP was used to type the RFC 80 G>A (rs1051266) polymorphism for which the first round PCR conditions were previously described [10]. Nested PCR primers were: 5’- AGCCGTAGAAGCAAAGGTAGC-3’ and 5’-AGCGTCACCTTCGTCCCCTC-3’. PCR was performed using DyNAzyme™ II Hot Start DNA Polymerase (Finnzymes, Keilaranta, Finland). PCR conditions were: 10’ activation at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C, 62°C and 72°C; 30” each, with a final 72°C, 7’ extension. HinP1I (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK) digested PCR products were analyzed as described previously [10]. All analyses were repeated at least twice.
Genotypes for all polymorphisms were determined successfully in all cases (Additional file 2: Table S2). Genotype distributions did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Additional file 3: Table S3). Minor allele frequencies for individual loci were: 40% for MTHFR 677 C > T, 26% for MTHFR 1298 A > C, 14% for MTR 2756 A > G, 54% for MTRR 66, and 42% for RFC 80 G > A. MTHFR genotypes were not independently distributed across the 2 loci. The major 677C allele was in linkage disequilibrium with the minor 1298C allele (D’ = 0.99, r2 = 0.23) [15].
In silicoassociation analysis
Paired datasets, GSE14471 and GSE15714, containing gene expression and SNP genotyping data, respectively, from 111 pediatric acute myeloid leukemia samples (of which 109 were typed successfully), were analyzed for an association between CT gene expression and MTHFR 677 genotype distribution [16]. A principal component analysis using 44 probesets corresponding to 9 CT gene families was performed for the expression dataset. The first principal component, explaining 0.48 of variance for CT gene expression was used to generate groups representing samples with low, intermediate, and high CT gene expression by K means clustering using a customized R code [17]. Optimum number of clusters according to Elbow criterion was determined as five. Therefore, five initial cluster centers were placed equally distant from each other where the first and last centers represented the minimum and maximum values of PC1, respectively. Centers were iteratively updated based on the median value of the reassigned cluster members until no change in cluster membership took place. The five clusters were regrouped into three representing low (clusters 1 & 2), intermediate (cluster 3), and high CT gene expression (clusters 4 & 5).
Statistical analysis
To analyze the association between 1-carbon pathway enzyme polymorphisms and CT gene expression, the genotype distributions were compared in CT (+) and CT (-) tumors by Pearson’s Chi-Square (2 degrees of freedom) or Fisher’s exact tests. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. To evaluate whether CT gene expression was related to sex, smoking status, tumor size, and disease stage, Fisher's exact test or Chi-square tests were used. Race information was available for only 29 patients of which 25 were non-Hispanic white, one was a non-Hispanic black, and 3 were of mixed race, and was not included in statistical analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided with a 5% type I error rate, unless indicated otherwise, and were carried out using SAS (version 9.3) software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients and their distribution within CT (+) and (-) groups are shown in Table 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1. Tumors with non-squamous cell carcinoma histology and earlier tumor stage (T stage) showed lower CT gene expression, similar to what has been reported previously [14]. Distribution of individual genotypes among CT (+) and (-) tumors are shown in Table 2 and Additional file 2: Table S2. A significant association between the MTHFR 677CC genotype and CT expression was observed (P = 0.03). CT expression was not related to any other genotype tested. A multivariate logistic regression analysis (MVA) of CT gene expression that included the MTHFR 677 genotype distribution, age, sex, histology and T stage revealed that the MTHFR 677 genotype and histology were independent predictors of CT gene expression in this cohort (Table 3). The MTHFR 677 SNP was found to be associated with CT gene expression when analyzed on a per allele basis, controlling for confounding factors, while other markers were not (Table 4). We performed an in silico association analysis for CT expression and the MTHFR 677 genotype using two datasets derived from childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) where both gene expression and SNP genotyping data were available [16]. This analysis, however, did not reveal a statistically significant association between these two parameters (Table 5 and Additional file 4: Figure S1).
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics
CT (+) patients (n=21) | CT (-) patients (n=29) | P* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | >60 | 12 | 19 | 0.74 |
<=60 | 6 | 7 | ||
Unknown$ | 3 | 3 | ||
Sex | Male | 10 | 12 | 0.76 |
Female | 8 | 14 | ||
Unknown | 3 | 3 | ||
Smoking history | No | 1 | 5 | 0.37 |
Yes | 15 | 18 | ||
Unknown | 5 | 6 | ||
Histology | SQCC# | 8 | 2 | 0.002 |
non-SQCC | 7 | 24 | ||
Unknown | 6 | 3 | ||
Pathological tumor size | >3 cm | 10 | 8 | 0.21 |
<=3 cm | 8 | 17 | ||
Unknown | 3 | 4 | ||
T stage | 1 | 5 | 14 | 0.007 |
2 | 8 | 12 | ||
3 | 3 | 0 | ||
4 | 2 | 0 | ||
Unknown | 3 | 3 | ||
TNM stage (Pathologic stage of primary tumor) | I | 9 | 18 | 0.37 |
II | 5 | 3 | ||
III | 4 | 5 | ||
IV | 0 | 0 | ||
Unknown | 3 | 3 | ||
Table 2
Distribution of individual genotypes among CT (+) and CT (-) tumors
Polymorphism | Genotype | CT (+) Tumors, n (%) | CT (-) Tumors, n (%) | χ2 | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MTHFR 677 C>T (rs1801133) | CC | 13 (62%) | 7 (24%) | 7.30 | 0.03 |
CT | 5 (24%) | 15 (52%) | |||
TT | 3 (14%) | 7 (24%) | |||
MTHFR 1298 A>C (rs1801131) | AA | 13 (62%) | 14 (48%) | 0.91 | 0.63 |
AC | 7 (33%) | 13 (45%) | |||
CC | 1 (5%) | 2 (7%) | |||
MTR 2756 A>G (rs1805087) | AA | 14 (67%) | 22 (76%) | 0.51 | 0.53** |
AG | 7 (33%) | 7 (24%) | |||
GG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
MTRR 66 A>G (rs1801394) | AA | 4 (19%) | 9 (31%) | 0.92 | 0.63 |
AG | 10 (48%) | 12 (41%) | |||
GG | 7 (33%) | 8 (28%) | |||
RFC 80 G>A (rs1051266) | GG | 6 (29%) | 12 (41%) | 1.90 | 0.39 |
GA | 9 (43%) | 13 (45%) | |||
AA | 6 (29%) | 4 (14%) |
Table 3
Multivariate analysis of CT gene expression with MTHFR 677 genotypes
Parameter | OR | 95% CI | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MTHFR 677 C>T (rs1801133) | CC | 32.33 | 2.42-431.52 | 0.003 |
CT/TT | 1** | |||
Age$ | 1.03 | 0.94-1.12 | 0.69 | |
Sex(female vs. male) | 0.28 ‡ | 0.02-3.86 | 0.52 | |
Histology | SQCC# | 18.46 | 1.19-284.49 | 0.04 |
non-SQCC | 1** | |||
T Stage | T1 | 0.31 | 0.03-3.56 | 0.53 |
T2, 3, 4 | 1** | |||
Table 4
Multivariate logistic regression modeling of association between 1-carbon enzyme alleles and CT gene expression
Polymorphism | OR $ | 95% CI | P* |
|---|---|---|---|
MTHFR 677 (rs1801133) | 13.18 | 1.96-88.5 | 0.004 |
MTHFR 1298 (rs1801131) | 0.56 | 0.15-2.09 | 0.53 |
MTR 2756 (rs1805087) | 0.81 | 0.14-4.75 | 1 |
MTRR 66 (rs1801394) | 0.67 | 0.22-2.00 | 0.52 |
RFC 80 (rs1051266) | 0.7 | 0.24-2.07 | 0.62 |
Table 5
In silico correlation of CT gene expression with MTHFR 677 genotypes in acute Myeloid Leukemia
CT gene expression clusters | MTHFR 677 C>T (rs1801133) | P(chi-square) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | CT/TT | Untyped* | ||
High | 15 | 16 | 0 | 0.17 |
Intermediate | 20 | 13 | 0 | |
Low | 29 | 16 | 2 | |
Discussion
Among the five markers analyzed in this study, we find a strong association between the major MTHFR 677 CC genotype, as well as the MTHFR 677 C allele and CT gene expression in lung cancer. This contrasts with earlier studies where the minor allele of this SNP was associated with decreased SAM production, decreased methylation levels and decreased MAGE-A1 expression [12]. Although our analysis included only 7% of patients within a large cohort with the highest and lowest amount of CT gene expression, we don’t think this is a reason for bias, as the distribution of the 1-carbon pathway genotypes of our samples are similar to those where much larger lung cancer patient cohorts were evaluated [18–20]. Tumors of squamous cell histology were previously identified as showing more frequent and stronger CT gene expression; however, MVA shows that the association between MTHFR 677 CC genotype or the C allele of the same polymorphism and CT gene expression is independent of histology. On the other hand, tumor type is known to affect CT gene expression rates, as some blood-derived tumors and cancers originating from the kidney rarely express CT genes [21]. In this line, one reason for our inability to replicate our q-PCR based results in silico might be related to the fact that AML is not a tumor with strong CT expression and thus, the K-means based classification of this tumor is somewhat artificial. Therefore, a similar analysis with datasets ideally derived from lung cancer might reveal associations not identified in this study.
We calculated the sample size that would give us 80% power to detect a significant association between polymorphisms other than MTHFR 677 and CT gene expression using the observed effect sizes in this study as true values. We found that at least 250 patients would be required to find one more polymorphism significant. Therefore, analysis of larger cohorts might reveal additional associations as well as compound effects of SNPs within the 1-carbon pathway enzymes on CT gene expression. Models to test for such effects were not computed in this study due to the limited sample size.
Although decreased SAM levels might be expected to result in DNA demethylation, the exact SAM concentration threshold required for gene re-expression might be affected by various other parameters not tested in this study. A candidate is thymidylate synthase (TS) whose levels are known to fluctuate widely in cancer and which can inhibit MTHFR activity [22]. CT gene expression is associated with larger tumors and advanced stage [14]. If this is to be taken as a sign of increased proliferation, it would imply increased TS activity, and thus, possibly suppressed MTHFR, which in turn could affect CT gene expression. On the other hand, increased SAM production might indirectly inhibit methylation reactions via methylthioadenosine (MTA), a nucleoside produced from SAM through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. MTA can strongly inhibit H3K4 methylation, possibly by inhibiting Set1 methyltransferase, which could in turn result in repressed CT gene expression [23–25]. Future studies are necessary to explain which of these primarily affect methylation rates and thus CT gene expression in cancer.
Conclusion
Why some NSCLC cells express CT genes when others don’t, remains an interesting and unanswered question. We show a strong association between the normoactive allele of MTHFR 677 and CT gene expression in this study. This argues against the hypothesis of low level MTHFR activity leading to DNA hypomethylation, which in turn could lead to genome-wide hypomethylation and CT gene expression. However, due to the limited power of this study, we might have missed individual or cumulative effects of SNPs within other enzymes of the 1-carbon pathway on CT gene expression. SAM/SAH ratios for the tissues analyzed here were also unknown. Hence, we only contributed to, but did not resolve this interesting story, and hope future studies reveal the intricacies of the relation between CT gene expression and genetic variants of the 1-carbon pathway enzyme genes.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We thank Lloyd J. Old, for years of continued support and encouragement; David Kelly and Jay Lee for excellent technical assistance.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University
(2)
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
(3)
Department of Statistics, Middle East Technical University
(4)
Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
(5)
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
(6)
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
References
- Caballero OL, Chen YT: Cancer/testis (CT) antigens: potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer science. 2009, 100 (11): 2014-2021. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01303.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Loriot A, Reister S, Parvizi GK, Lysy PA, De Smet C: DNA methylation-associated repression of cancer-germline genes in human embryonic and adult stem cells. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). 2009, 27 (4): 822-824. 10.1002/stem.8.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Vatolin S, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Flanagan PT, Custer M, Loukinov DI, Pugacheva E, Hong JA, Morse H, Schrump DS, et al: Conditional expression of the CTCF-paralogous transcriptional factor BORIS in normal cells results in demethylation and derepression of MAGE-A1 and reactivation of other cancer-testis genes. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (17): 7751-7762.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hong JA, Kang Y, Abdullaev Z, Flanagan PT, Pack SD, Fischette MR, Adnani MT, Loukinov DI, Vatolin S, Risinger JI, et al: Reciprocal binding of CTCF and BORIS to the NY-ESO-1 promoter coincides with derepression of this cancer-testis gene in lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005, 65 (17): 7763-7774.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gure AO, Wei IJ, Old LJ, Chen YT: The SSX gene family: characterization of 9 complete genes. International journal of cancer. 2002, 101 (5): 448-453. 10.1002/ijc.10634.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jager E, Knuth A: The discovery of cancer/testis antigens by autologous typing with T cell clones and the evolution of cancer vaccines. Cancer Immun. 2012, 12: 6-PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Castro R, Rivera I, Ravasco P, Camilo ME, Jakobs C, Blom HJ, de Almeida IT: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C–>T and 1298A–>C mutations are associated with DNA hypomethylation. J Med Genet. 2004, 41 (6): 454-458. 10.1136/jmg.2003.017244.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Friso S, Girelli D, Trabetti E, Olivieri O, Guarini P, Pignatti PF, Corrocher R, Choi SW: The MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphism and genomic DNA methylation in human lymphocytes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14 (4): 938-943. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0601.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Olteanu H, Munson T, Banerjee R: Differences in the efficiency of reductive activation of methionine synthase and exogenous electron acceptors between the common polymorphic variants of human methionine synthase reductase. Biochemistry. 2002, 41 (45): 13378-13385. 10.1021/bi020536s.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chango A, Emery-Fillon N, de Courcy GP, Lambert D, Pfister M, Rosenblatt DS, Nicolas JP: A polymorphism (80G->A) in the reduced folate carrier gene and its associations with folate status and homocysteinemia. Molecular genetics and metabolism. 2000, 70 (4): 310-315. 10.1006/mgme.2000.3034.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Paz MF, Avila S, Fraga MF, Pollan M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Herman JG, Esteller M: Germ-line variants in methyl-group metabolism genes and susceptibility to DNA methylation in normal tissues and human primary tumors. Cancer Res. 2002, 62 (15): 4519-4524.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cadieux B, Ching TT, Vandenberg SR, Costello JF: Genome-wide hypomethylation in human glioblastomas associated with specific copy number alteration, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase allele status, and increased proliferation. Cancer Res. 2006, 66 (17): 8469-8476. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1547.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Woloszynska-Read A, Zhang W, Yu J, Link PA, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Collamat G, Akers SN, Ostler KR, Godley LA, Odunsi K, et al: Coordinated cancer germline antigen promoter and global DNA hypomethylation in ovarian cancer: association with the BORIS/CTCF expression ratio and advanced stage. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17 (8): 2170-2180. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2315.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Gure AO, Chua R, Williamson B, Gonen M, Ferrera CA, Gnjatic S, Ritter G, Simpson AJ, Chen YT, Old LJ, et al: Cancer-testis genes are coordinately expressed and are markers of poor outcome in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11 (22): 8055-8062. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1203.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gaunt TR, Rodriguez S, Day IN: Cubic exact solutions for the estimation of pairwise haplotype frequencies: implications for linkage disequilibrium analyses and a web tool 'CubeX'. BMC bioinformatics. 2007, 8: 428-10.1186/1471-2105-8-428.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Radtke I, Mullighan CG, Ishii M, Su X, Cheng J, Ma J, Ganti R, Cai Z, Goorha S, Pounds SB, et al: Genomic analysis reveals few genetic alterations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106 (31): 12944-12949. 10.1073/pnas.0903142106.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2013, Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, http://www.R-project.org/, 3-900051-07-0,Google Scholar
- Shen H, Spitz MR, Wang LE, Hong WK, Wei Q: Polymorphisms of methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10 (4): 397-401.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shi Q, Zhang Z, Li G, Pillow PC, Hernandez LM, Spitz MR, Wei Q: Polymorphisms of methionine synthase and methionine synthase reductase and risk of lung cancer: a case-control analysis. Pharmacogenetics and genomics. 2005, 15 (8): 547-555. 10.1097/01.fpc.0000170916.96650.70.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suzuki T, Matsuo K, Hiraki A, Saito T, Sato S, Yatabe Y, Mitsudomi T, Hida T, Ueda R, Tajima K: Impact of one-carbon metabolism-related gene polymorphisms on risk of lung cancer in Japan: a case control study. Carcinogenesis. 2007, 28 (8): 1718-1725. 10.1093/carcin/bgm104.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hofmann O, Caballero OL, Stevenson BJ, Chen YT, Cohen T, Chua R, Maher CA, Panji S, Schaefer U, Kruger A, et al: Genome-wide analysis of cancer/testis gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105 (51): 20422-20427. 10.1073/pnas.0810777105.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Matthews RG, Daubner SC: Modulation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity by S-adenosylmethionine and by dihydrofolate and its polyglutamate analogues. Advances in enzyme regulation. 1982, 20: 123-131.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Song MR, Ghosh A: FGF2-induced chromatin remodeling regulates CNTF-mediated gene expression and astrocyte differentiation. Nat Neurosci. 2004, 7 (3): 229-235. 10.1038/nn1192.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chau CM, Lieberman PM: Dynamic chromatin boundaries delineate a latency control region of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol. 2004, 78 (22): 12308-12319. 10.1128/JVI.78.22.12308-12319.2004.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Huang J, Kent JR, Placek B, Whelan KA, Hollow CM, Zeng PY, Fraser NW, Berger SL: Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 by Set1 in the lytic infection of human herpes simplex virus 1. J Virol. 2006, 80 (12): 5740-5746. 10.1128/JVI.00169-06.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/14/97/prepub
Pre-publication history
Copyright
© Senses et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
