Table 3 Clinical characteristics of healthy controls and type 2 diabetic patients with overweight or obesity

Age

44.24 ± 16.84

50.38 ± 14.47

47.71 ± 16.28

0.227

Male/Female

115/75

72/54

90/30^*#

0.036

Waist circumference (cm)

84.24 ± 14.71

97.79 ± 15.90^*

100.07 ± 14.88^*

<0.001

Waist/hip ratio

0.89 ± 0.34

1.13 ± 0.33^*

1.18 ± 0.26^*

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

22.44 ± 4.50

27.07 ± 4.23^*

28.30 ± 4.51^*

<0.001

FPG (mmol/l)

7.33 ± 2.67

11.21 ± 3.69^*

11.53 ± 3.69^*

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

7.83 ± 3.16

11.29 ± 3.77^*

10.18 ± 3.40^*

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

113.61 ± 13.65

137.10 ± 22.73^*

137.76 ± 20.03^*

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.94 ± 9.57

86.64 ± 10.72^*

86.76 ± 9.00^*

<0.001

TG (mmol/L)

2.70 ± 1.58

5.48 ± 4.81^*

5.18 ± 4.52^*

0.004

TC (mmol/L)

3.80 ± 1.75

5.81 ± 2.38^*

6.04 ± 2.22^*

<0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.31 ± 0.66

0.85 ± 0.34^*

0.93 ± 0.39^*

<0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.36 ± 0.88

3.08 ± 0.98^*

2.99 ± 0.90^*

<0.001

FINS (μIU/mL)

12.45 ± 6.95

24.80 ± 19.79^*

23.89 ± 12.23^*

<0.001

HOMA-IR

4.66 ± 3.67

11.93 ± 9.45^*

11.36 ± 7.27^*

<0.001

HOMA-IS

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

0.013 (0.01, 0.02) ^*

0.012 (0.00, 0.02)

0.006