| Lead Author, Publication Date | Exposure | Outcome | Gene (s) with Greatest Association | Regions Analyzed for Methylation | Methylation Assessment | Summary of Correlations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human Studies | Alelu-Paz et al. 201536 | Schizophrenia | Memory (MIS), global executive function (FAB), cognitive mental state (MMSE) | DISC1, DRD1, GABBR2, HINT1, MB-COMT, RELN, SLC6A4 | CpG islands within promoter region of 19 genes analyzed | Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing | No methylated CpGs, regardless of severity of cognitive impairment |
Levine et al. 201646 | HIV | Learning, memory, attention, and motor (battery of tests) | – | Genome-wide | HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip | Significant positive association between DNA methylation age and diagnosis of HAND | |
Peter et al. 201645 | Postnatal malnourishment | Attention (CAARS) | ABCF1, COMT, DCTN1-AS1, FOXP2, IFNG, INHBB, MIR200B, RAB3B, SYNGAP1, VARS, VIPR2, WT1 | Genome-wide | HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip | ↑ methylation in 609 and ↓ methylation in 391 CpG sites in autosomal DMRs; < 13 DMRs moderately correlated w/ADHD index; 15 X-linked DMR in males, and 1 in females, associated with attention | |
Intelligence (WASI) | SYNGAP1, ZBTB9 | < 3 sites significantly associated with IQ scores; 15 X-linked DMR in males, and 1 in females, associated with IQ scores | |||||
Ursini et al. 201147 | Obstetric complications and/or stressful life eventss | Working memory (n-back task) | COMT | CpG sites at rs4680 site (C2) analyzed 3 CpG sites within gene promoter analyzed | Pyrosequencing | C2 methylation of COMT promoter in Val/Val negatively correlated with stress and positively correlated with working memory accuracy | |
Animal Studies | Cordner et al. 201648 | Chronic variable stress | Recognition memory (NOR) Spatial learning and memory (Barnes maze) | Bace1, Bdnf, Gsk3b | CpGs within promoter region of Bace1 and Gsk3b analyzed CpGs in region upstream of Bdnf exon 4 analyzed | Pyrosequencing | ↓ methylation of CpGs at TSS-554 and TSS-506 of Bace1 promoter in hippocampus, of TSS-506 and TSS-518 in PFC, and of TSS-506 and TSS-554 in amygdala, and ↑ methylation of TSS-109 of Bdnf exon 4 region all associated with ↓ memory performance; no correlation with CpG sites in Gsk3b |
Makhathini et al. 201749 | Repetitive stress | Recognition memory (NOR) | – | Genome-wide | 5-mC DNA Methylation ELISA | ↓ global DNA methylation hippocampus in stressed group associated with impairment in memory recall | |
Zhu et al. 201750 | Maternal separation | Memory (CFC), spatial learning and memory (MWZ) | Nr3c1* | 17 CpG sites within promoter region of exon 17 | PCR and sequencing | ↑ methylation of 14 out of 17 CpG sites within promoter region of exon 17 in hippocampus and induced memory impairment after exposure to anesthesia |