Genetic associations in community context: a mixed model approach identifies a functional variant in the RBP4 gene associated with HDL-C dyslipidemia

Table 4 Multilevel modeling of individual and community risk factor associations with HDL-C dyslipidemia

	Model 1: Intercept only		Model 2: + Individual variables		Model 3: + Community variables
	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value
Fixed Effects
Intercept	0.39 (0.34–0.44)	< 0.0001	0.003 (0.001–0.009)	< 0.0001	0.01 (0.01–0.13)	< 0.0001
Individual-level variables
Sex (M = 0, F = 1)			2.12 (1.38–3.26)	0.0006	2.10 (1.36–3.23)	0.0007
Age (years)			1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.5	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.4
BMI			1.12 (1.08–1.15)	< 0.0001	1.12 (1.08–1.15)	< 0.0001
Diabetes			1.28 (0.63–2.61)	0.5	1.29 (0.63–2.64)	0.5
Hypertension			0.99 (0.70–1.41)	0.9	0.97 (0.68–1.38)	0.8
Smoking			1.66 (1.10–2.51)	0.01	1.69 (1.12–2.55)	0.01
rs3758539			1.40 (1.03–1.92)	0.03	1.41 (1.03–1.93)	0.03
Community-level variables
Prevalence of HDL dyslipidemia					0.52 (0.03–8.63)	0.6
Population Proportion of Females					0.84 (0.54–1.31)	0.4
Population Mean Age					0.73 (0.47–1.12)	0.1
Prevalence of Hypertension					0.96 (0.54–1.69)	0.9
Prevalence of Diabetes					0.83 (0.52–1.31)	0.4
Random Effects^a
Community classification code (FSA)		0.02	< 0.0001		< 0.0001
Prevalence of HDL dyslipidemia					< 0.0001
Population Proportion of Females					< 0.0001
Population Mean Age					< 0.0001
Prevalence of Hypertension					< 0.0001
Prevalence of Diabetes					< 0.0001

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