Table 1 Characteristics of participants by country

Characteristic

(n = 777)

(n = 143)

(n = 109)

(n = 137)

Anthropometrics

Female sex, n (%)

399 (51.4)

78 (54.6)

60 (55.1)

89 (65.9)*

Age (years)

51.0 ± 15.5

42.9 ± 13.8*

50.3 ± 13.5†

47.7 ± 14.5*†

Height (cm)

168.7 ± 9.4

169.5 ± 9.1

167.0 ± 9.0†

167.1 ± 9.6†

Weight (kg)

75.5 ± 14.4

78.1 ± 15.1

75.2 ± 14.2

77.3 ± 16.2

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.5 ± 4.3

27.2 ± 5.3

26.9 ± 4.6

27.7 ± 5.6*

Systolic pressure (mmHg)

129.3 ± 17.6

137.7 ± 18.9*

125.4 ± 17.1*†

132.4 ± 23.8‡

Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

79.6 ± 9.4

84.2 ± 11.7*

82.3 ± 10.1*

84.4 ± 14.1*

Heart rate (beats/minute)

61.0 ± 9.7

66.4 ± 11.2*

65.9 ± 10.4*

66.2 ± 10.3*

Questionnaire data

Current smoking, n (%)

161 (20.7)

31 (21.7)

18 (16.5)

35 (25.6)

Drinking alcohol, n (%)

309 (39.8)

17 (11.9)*

53 (48.6)†

38 (27.7)†‡

Hypertensive, n (%)

323 (41.6)

81 (56.6)*

51 (46.8)

67 (48.9)

Treated for hypertension, n (%)

197 (25.4)

44 (32.8)

25 (22.9)

49 (35.8)*‡

Conventional echocardiography

LV internal diameter (cm)

5.04 ± 0.47

5.06 ± 0.47

4.91 ± 0.44*†

4.99 ± 0.41

Interventricular septum (cm)

0.98 ± 0.17

0.96 ± 0.15

0.94 ± 0.15*

0.98 ± 0.18

Posterior wall (cm)

0.90 ± 0.14

0.90 ± 0.13

0.88 ± 0.13

0.90 ± 0.13

LV mass index (g/m²)

92.4 ± 22.0

90.8 ± 20.9

86.0 ± 18.6*

91.2 ± 21.9

Ejection fraction (%)

63.3 ± 6.75

63.9 ± 6.56

62.6 ± 6.15

64.1 ± 6.13

Diastolic function

Transmitral E peak (cm/s)

75.5 ± 16.1

74.5 ± 14.9

68.8 ± 14.9*†

67.0 ± 14.5*†

Transmitral A peak (cm/s)

65.0 ± 17.4

58.6 ± 14.7*

59.6 ± 19.5*

61.0 ± 18.0*

Transmitral E/A ratio

1.26 ± 0.48

1.36 ± 0.44*

1.28 ± 0.49

1.21 ± 0.49†

TDI e' peak (cm/s)

11.4 ± 3.65

11.3 ± 3.51

10.3 ± 3.15*†

10.4 ± 3.40*

TDI a' peak (cm/s)

10.1 ± 2.11

9.08 ± 1.93*

10.2 ± 2.12†

9.33 ± 2.05*†

e'/a' ratio

1.26 ± 0.71

1.36 ± 0.64

1.07 ± 0.52*†

1.29 ± 0.68‡

E/e' ratio

7.10 ± 2.19

7.10 ± 2.16

7.15 ± 2.26

7.04 ± 2.63

Composite diastolic score

-0.028 ± 2.11

0.41 ± 1.93*

-0.27 ± 1.92†

-0.081 ± 2.07†