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Table 1 Demographic data, familial occurrence of autoimmune diseases, organ- and non-organ-specific autoantibodies, and coeliac disease prevalence in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and healthy controls

From: Coeliac disease and risk for other autoimmune diseases in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome

 

WBS patients

Down patients

Turner patients

Healthy controls

Subjects (n)

46

57

32

176

Males: females

16:30

21/36

32

67:109

Median age (yr)

15.4

15.1

16.2

15.2

Familial occurrence of autoimmune diseases

13%

-

-

8.6%

Confirmed coeliac disease

2.2%

10.5%*°°

9.4%*§§

0.6%

 Gliadin IgG autoantibodies

17.4%^^^

19.3%°°°

15.6%§§§

5.1%

 Gliadin IgA autoantibodies

2.2%

12.3%**°°

12.5%**§§

1.7%

 Endomysium autoantibodies

2.2%

10.5%*°°

9.4%*§§

0.6%

 Tissue-transglutaminase autoantibodies

2.2%

12.3%**°°

9.4%*§§

0.6%

Thyroid autoantibodies

0.0%

10.5%***°°

9.4%**§§

1.1%

 Thyroglobulin autoantibodies

0.0%

7.0%*°

6.2%*§

1.1%

 Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies

0.0%

10.5%***°°

9.4%**§§

0.6%

 TSH receptor autoantibodies

0.0%

1.7%

0.0%

0.0%

Organ- and non-organ specific autoantibodies

0.0%

7.0%*

9.3%*§

2.3%

 Insulin autoantibodies

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

 Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies

0.0%

1.75%

0.0%

0.0%

 Tyrosine phosphatase 2 autoantibodies

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0,6%

 Islet cell autoantibodies

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

 Adrenal cortex autoantibodies

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

 Gastric parietal cell autoantibodies

0.0%

1.75%

3.1%

0.0%

 Antinuclear antibodies

0.0%

1.75%

6.2%§§§

1.1%

 Smooth muscle autoantibodies

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.6%

 Phospholipid autoantibodies

0.0%

1.75%

0.0%

0.0%

  1. WBS, Williams-Beuren syndrome; *WBS vs. Down syndrome or Turner syndrome: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.0005; ^WBS vs. controls: ^p < 0.05; ^^p < 0.005; ^^^p < 0.0005; °Down syndrome vs. controls: °p < 0.05; °°p < 0.005; °°°p < 0.0005; §Turner syndrome vs. controls: §p < 0.05; §§p < 0.005; §§§p < 0.001.