Table 1 Characteristics of 1052 urban Ghanaians

N

377

675

Age (years)

38.8 ± 14.8

54.7 ± 13.4

<0.001

Sex (female)

76.4 (288)

74.7 (504)

0.50

Residence (Kumasi metropolitan area)

79.3 (299)

70.8 (476)

0.003

Ethnic group (Akan)

84.4 (318)

87.7 (592)

0.11

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

116.0 ± 11.3

138.3 ± 23.9

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.0 ± 7.5

85.1 ± 12.1

<0.001

Urinary albumin (mg/l)

9.0 (4.9–150.1)

14.5 (3.3–150.1)

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

81.5 ± 12.1

91.1 ± 12.2

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 4.9

25.9 ± 5.1

<0.001

Diabetes family history (yes)

26.3 (99)

57.9 (391)

<0.001

Hypertension family history (yes)

30.2 (114)

40.7 (275)

<0.001

Smoking status (ever) ^a

3.7 (14)

7.3 (49)

0.02

Formal education (none)

10.9 (41)

35.7 (240)

<0.001

Occupation

Public servant

27.4 (103)

6.5 (44)

Trader

25.0 (94)

29.5 (198)

Farmer

3.2 (12)

9.7 (65)

Else

34.6 (130)

17.4 (117)

Unemployed

9.8 (37)

36.9 (248)

<0.001