Characteristics | Controls | Type 2 diabetes | P |
---|---|---|---|
N | 377 | 675 | |
Age (years) | 38.8 ± 14.8 | 54.7 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
Sex (female) | 76.4 (288) | 74.7 (504) | 0.50 |
Residence (Kumasi metropolitan area) | 79.3 (299) | 70.8 (476) | 0.003 |
Ethnic group (Akan) | 84.4 (318) | 87.7 (592) | 0.11 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.0 ± 11.3 | 138.3 ± 23.9 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.0 ± 7.5 | 85.1 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
Urinary albumin (mg/l) | 9.0 (4.9–150.1) | 14.5 (3.3–150.1) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.5 ± 12.1 | 91.1 ± 12.2 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 4.9 | 25.9 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
Diabetes family history (yes) | 26.3 (99) | 57.9 (391) | <0.001 |
Hypertension family history (yes) | 30.2 (114) | 40.7 (275) | <0.001 |
Smoking status (ever) a | 3.7 (14) | 7.3 (49) | 0.02 |
Formal education (none) | 10.9 (41) | 35.7 (240) | <0.001 |
Occupation | |||
Public servant | 27.4 (103) | 6.5 (44) | |
Trader | 25.0 (94) | 29.5 (198) | |
Farmer | 3.2 (12) | 9.7 (65) | |
Else | 34.6 (130) | 17.4 (117) | |
Unemployed | 9.8 (37) | 36.9 (248) | <0.001 |