Table 1 Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters of the children
Normal-weight | Obese | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
n | 242 | 292 | |
Anthropometric factors | |||
Sex (M/F) | 135/107 | 149/143 | 0.273 |
Age (y) | 9.73 ± 0.2 | 9.43 ± 0.2 | 0.172 |
Weight (kg) | 32.9 ± 0.7 | 55.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.41 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.14 ± 0.13 | 27.56 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
BMI z-score | −0.17 ± 0.04 | 3.49 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 60.2 ± 0.5 | 84.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Clinical and metabolic biomarkers | |||
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 97 ± 1 | 111 ± 1 | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 60 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 84 ± 0 | 85 ± 1 | 0.772 |
Insulin (mU/l) | 5.95 ± 0.23 | 11.46 ± 0.51 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 2.43 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
Triacylglycerols (mg/dl) | 55 ± 1 | 75 ± 2 | <0.001 |
ApoAI (mg/dl) | 150 ± 2 | 132 ± 1 | <0.001 |
ApoB (mg/dl) | 67 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 0.008 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 171 ± 2 | 165 ± 2 | 0.012 |
HDL-c (mg/dl) | 64 ± 1 | 51 ± 1 | <0.001 |
LDL-c (mg/dl) | 94 ± 2 | 97 ± 1 | 0.144 |
Adiponectin (mg/l) | 28.28 ± 0.77 | 22.57 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
Resistin (μg/l) | 9.65 ± 0.33 | 11.71 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
Leptin (μg/l) | 4.30 ± 0.26 | 22.91 ± 0.86 | <0.001 |
Inflammatory biomarkers | |||
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 1.99 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
Interleukin 6 (ng/l) | 4.50 ± 0.53 | 6.95 ± 0.75 | 0.012 |
Interleukin 8 (ng/l) | 1.57 ± 0.11 | 2.16 ± 0.15 | 0.003 |
TNF-α (ng/l) | 3.06 ± 0.11 | 4.01 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers | |||
MMP-9 (μg/l) | 79.99 ± 3.15 | 88.42 ± 3.90 | 0.636 |
MPO (μg/l) | 13.10 ± 1.16 | 21.51 ±1.70 | <0.001 |
sE selectin (μg/l) | 22.93 ± 0.76 | 31.26 ± 1.05 | <0.001 |
sICAM-1 (mg/l) | 0.153 ± 0.004 | 0.175 ± 0.005 | <0.001 |
Active PAI-1 (μg/l) | 5.16 ± 0.27 | 11.96 ± 0.57 | <0.001 |
Total PAI-1 (μg/l) | 18.95 ± 0.85 | 27.23 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |