|  |  | ACR | Albuminuriab | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Unweighted sample size (N) | Weighted frequency (%a) | Geometric mean (mg/g) ± SE | P-value | Prevalence (%a) ± SD | P-value |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Female | 2884 | 49.38 | 6.40 ± 0.33 | < 0.0001 | 12.15 ± 1.12 | 0.1548 |
   Male | 2437 | 50.62 | 4.28 ± 0.28 |  | 9.84 ± 1.10 |  |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   20-50 | 3018 | 62.75 | 3.93 ± 0.20 | < 0.0001 | 5.04 ± 0.62 | < 0.0001 |
   ≥ 50 | 2303 | 37.25 | 8.48 ± 0.45 |  | 21.10 ± 1.41 |  |
Race/ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Non-Hispanic white | 2249 | 82.35 | 5.32 ± 0.30 | 0.1486 | 10.44 ± 0.89 | 0.0021 |
   Non-Hispanic black | 1502 | 11.96 | 4.95 ± 0.28 |  | 14.99 ± 1.11 |  |
   Mexican-American | 1570 | 5.69 | 4.50 ± 0.34 |  | 10.40 ± 0.99 |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   < high school | 2016 | 21.57 | 6.73 ± 0.42 | 0.0001 | 16.55 ± 1.36 | < 0.0001 |
   Completed high school | 1706 | 34.54 | 5.58 ± 0.32 |  | 12.67 ± 1.00 |  |
   > high school | 1570 | 43.89 | 4.40 ± 0.30 |  | 7.02 ± 0.73 |  |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Non-smoker | 2748 | 47.10 | 4.88 ± 0.36 | 0.0595 | 10.28 ± 0.99 | 0.1464 |
   Former smoker | 1294 | 26.54 | 5.86 ± 0.31 |  | 12.73 ± 1.09 |  |
   Current smoker | 1279 | 26.36 | 5.26 ± 0.30 |  | 10.47 ± 1.20 |  |
Alcohol use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   None | 2838 | 46.09 | 6.45 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 | 14.42 ± 1.20 | 0.0001 |
   1-3 drinks/week | 1156 | 27.63 | 4.62 ± 0.38 |  | 7.76 ± 0.97 |  |
   ≥ 4 drinks/week | 1145 | 26.28 | 4.07 ± 0.29 |  | 7.88 ± 1.15 |  |
Waist:hip ratio c | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low | 1565 | 35.89 | 4.57 ± 0.25 | 0.0007 | 6.29 ± 0.82 | 0.0001 |
   High | 3539 | 64.11 | 5.56 ± 0.28 |  | 12.94 ± 1.11 |  |
Diabetes d | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 4921 | 94.85 | 4.88 ± 0.23 | < 0.0001 | 9.21 ± 0.64 | < 0.0001 |
   Yes | 399 | 5.15 | 18.96 ± 3.16 |  | 44.03 ± 4.98 |  |
Serum CRP level (mg/dL) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   < 1 | 4747 | 92.35 | 4.98 ± 0.25 | < 0.0001 | 9.96 ± 0.63 | < 0.0001 |
   ≥ 1 | 549 | 7.65 | 9.47 ± 0.99 |  | 23.68 ± 3.89 |  |
Hypertension e | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 3653 | 75.32 | 4.21 ± 0.21 | < 0.0001 | 6.09 ± 0.59 | < 0.0001 |
   Yes | 1659 | 24.68 | 10.26 ± 0.57 |  | 26.17 ± 1.95 |  |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   ≥ 60 | 4882 | 93.84 | 4.85 ± 0.24 | < 0.0001 | 9.24 ± 0.74 | < 0.0001 |
   < 60 | 406 | 6.16 | 16.16 ± 1.74 |  | 37.81 ± 2.85 |  |